I agree they probably don’t in a direct sense - it seems to me much more likely that they are correlated because they both derive from a common change in another system or systems. It doesn’t make intuitive sense that alterations in (increased) complexity of brain waves could explain the whole range of subjective experiences that are reported under the influence of psychedelics. ![]() When all types in the dataset of interest are equally common, all p i values equal 1 / R, and the Shannon index hence takes the value ln( R).In response to Bernardo Kastrup’s scathing criticisms of materialist explanations of the states of consciousness induced by psychedelics, David Nutt argues that we don’t need to adopt an untestable metaphysical worldview to explain the subjective richness of psychedelic experiences. The term within the parentheses hence equals true diversity 1 D, and H' equals ln( 1 D). Since the sum of the p i values equals unity by definition, the denominator equals the weighted geometric mean of the p i values, with the p i values themselves being used as the weights (exponents in the equation). The equation is: q D = 1 M q − 1 = 1 ∑ i = 1 R p i p i q − 1 q − 1 = ( ∑ i = 1 R p i q ) 1 / ( 1 − q ) The true diversity in a dataset is calculated by first taking the weighted generalized mean M q−1 of the proportional abundances of the types in the dataset, and then taking the reciprocal of this. ![]() True diversity, or the effective number of types, refers to the number of equally abundant types needed for the average proportional abundance of the types to equal that observed in the dataset of interest (where all types may not be equally abundant). Such indices, however do not account for the total variation (diversity) that can be held between subjects or entities which occurs only when both categorical and qualitative diversity are calculated. Many indices only account for categorical diversity between subjects or entities. The most commonly used diversity indices are simple transformations of the effective number of types (also known as 'true diversity'), but each diversity index can also be interpreted in its own right as a measure corresponding to some real phenomenon (but a different one for each diversity index). In information science, the entities can be characters and the types of the different letters of the alphabet. In demography, the entities of interest can be people, and the types of interest various demographic groups. The entities of interest are usually individual plants or animals, and the measure of abundance can be, for example, number of individuals, biomass or coverage. ![]() When diversity indices are used in ecology, the types of interest are usually species, but they can also be other categories, such as genera, families, functional types, or haplotypes. These indices are statistical representations of biodiversity in different aspects ( richness, evenness, and dominance).Įffective number of species or Hill numbers ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Ī diversity index is a quantitative measure that reflects how many different types (such as species) there are in a dataset (a community), and that can simultaneously take into account the phylogenetic relations among the individuals distributed among those types, such as richness, divergence or evenness. ( April 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. This article may be too technical for most readers to understand.
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